Utilizing Your Relatives on 23andMe -- Health Info

Have you ever been curious about which side of the family a particular trait comes from? Ever wondered what traits you and your relatives share in common?

Your 23andMe info can help you find the answers to these sorts of questions.

I will show you how this is done. The first thing you will want to do is download my spreadsheet -- it can be found here. It contains all the info about the location in the genome of the traits and conditions that 23andMe tests for.

The first half of the spreadsheet is in alphabetical order, so that you can quickly find a certain condition that you may be interested in. The second half of the spreadsheet (starting at row 630) is in order by location, so that you can see which traits and conditions fall along a particular segment that you are interested in. After going to the link, you can download the file and save it as you wish so that you can manipulate it to your own preferences.

So how can you use this information?

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Let's say you are curious about which side of the family you might have inherited a certain gene from. As an example, I'll choose APOE, the gene that 23andMe tests for regarding Alzheimer's disease.

My niece Mikayla and her great-grandmother Pearl have both been tested on 23andMe. As you can see, they both have an APOE3 allele -- the question I want to answer is, 'Did Mikayla inherit that APOE3 allele from Pearl?'

(all of the images in this post can be enlarged by clicking on them)

The first thing that I need to do is check the spreadsheet, so that I know where the APOE gene is located.

The gene is on chromosome 19, at approximately location 50,000,000.

The next thing I need to know is whether Mikayla shares a segment at that location with Pearl, her maternal great-grandmother. There are several places I can go to find this information -- Family Inheritance or Family Inheritance: Advanced. I'll choose Family Inheritance because it has a feature that allows you to check for a specific gene -- I can enter APOE in here and see what the exact segment looks like:

This comparison shows that Mikayla and Pearl DO share a segment at the location where the APOE gene is. This means that Mikayla DID inherit her APOE3 allele from her maternal great-grandmother Pearl (we can also conclude that she inherited her other APOE allele, the APOE2 allele, from her father).

I should add that this technique is most useful when you do not have the exact same genotype as your relative. For example, here's what my paternal first cousin and I have for the eye color gene:

We do share a segment at the location where the eye color gene is. But, no real conclusion can be made -- all this tells me is that I inherited either an A or a G at this gene from my dad, which I already knew (everyone gets one allele from their mom and one from their dad).

Your mileage may vary, depending on what question you are asking and what relatives you have available for comparisons, but in general, it's best to use a relative that you only have one allele in common with (for example, in my Alzheimer's example, Mikayla is APOE2/APOE3 and Pearl is APOE3/APOE4. They only have the APOE3 allele in common).

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Let's say you want to take a different approach -- rather than having one specific trait in mind that you want to look at, you want to know which traits or conditions fall along a particular segment that you share with your family member.

First, you need to know which segments of DNA you and your relative share. Here is my comparison with my paternal half-sister. I'll choose chromosome two as an easy example to look at, because my half-sister and I happen to share the full length of our dad's chromosome two with one another.

The next step is to go to the spreadsheet and look and see what traits are shared at this location.

For all of these genes, we inherited the same allele (same version of the gene) from our dad. So what does this tell us? Let's look at one of these traits -- I'll choose lactose intolerance.

Let's take a look at what we see. I am AG at this gene, meaning I have one 'lactose tolerant' allele and one 'lactose intolerant' allele. My half-sister is AA, meaning that she has two 'lactose tolerant' alleles. Because I know we inherited the same allele from our dad, and we have only one allele in common, I know that we inherited our A allele from our dad. Hopefully my reasoning is clear.

I can make several conclusions based on this data. One I already mentioned -- my sister and I inherited an 'A' lactose tolerant allele from our dad. Also, because it takes only one lactose tolerant allele to be lactose tolerant, I know that my dad was lactose tolerant.

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I'll go through one more example, this time with a more distant relative -- my aunt's second cousin.

Here is my aunt's comparison with her second cousin.

I highlighted the segment I want to focus on -- the shared segment at the end of chromosome nine. I want to find out which traits or conditions they share from this segment.

So my next step is to go to the spreadsheet:

Here is a list of traits that they inherited from that chromosome 9 segment. I'll choose blood type as the trait I want to focus on. Let's take a closer look at what their genotypes are for ABO blood type.

So what does this mean? The fact that they have a shared segment at the ABO blood type gene means that at that gene, they inherited a common allele from their common ancestors. They have only one allele in common -- the A allele.

Here's their family tree:

From the DNA evidence, we know that Jason and Dorotha Woodward had at least one A allele between them. One of them (no way to tell whether it was Jason or Dorotha) passed this same A allele to each son, William and Hermon Woodward. William passed the A allele to his son Bruce, who also passed it on to his son. Bruce's son has two A alleles -- he got one from Bruce and one from his mother.

In turn, Hermon passed on his A allele to his daughter Audra Woodward, who then passed it onto Aletha. We can conclude that Aletha got her A allele from her mother and her O allele from her father.

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So, to summarize:

The first step is to decide what question you want to ask.

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If you have a specific trait in mind (like with the Alzheimer's example) and you want to know which side of the family you inherited a certain allele from, here's what you want to do:

Step One: Go to the spreadsheet and figure out the relevant information. You need to find out where (which chromosome and what position) that trait is located.

Step Two: Go back to 23andMe and see if you've got a relative that will help you. Most likely, you are going to want a relative that (1) has a different genotype than you -- only one allele in common, (2) shares a segment with you at the relevant location and (3) is related to you on only one side of your family.

Step Three: If you have a relative that fits the criteria (also, keep in mind that the criteria will vary based on what type of questions you are asking) -- you can make a conclusion about the trait you selected.

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On the other hand, if you don't have a specific trait in mind, but you want to look at a specific shared segment and then go from there to figure out which traits were inherited via that segment (like with the second cousin blood type example), here's what you want to do:

Step One: Go to the spreadsheet and figure out the relevant information.  You will probably want to go to the bottom half of the spreadsheet and find the segment, so that you can see what traits fall along that segment.

Step Two: Take a look at the genotypes of you and your relative for those traits. Due to the fact that you have a shared segment with your relative, you know that you and your relative must have at least one allele in common from your shared ancestor for all the relevant traits. The exact conclusions you can make will vary based on your relationship with your relative.

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I think that about covers it!

If you have a question or want me to investigate a specific scenario in your family, please comment on this post or drop me an email at:

Also, if you're going to write about this on your own website, I would love a link back to my website! Thank you!

My Close Relatives on 23andMe: Paternal First Cousin Once Removed

I recently got DNA results for my dad’s paternal first cousin. She is the daughter of my dad’s father’s brother, making her my first cousin once removed.

The percentages of DNA that she shares with our relatives are all over the map. I found these results fascinating because it shows that recombination is random & incredibly hard to predict.

Leona, my dad’s first cousin, has two first cousins that have also tested their DNA, Dan and Aletha. The theoretical percentage shared by first cousins is 12.5%. Dan and Aletha both deviate from this percentage – Aletha shares more than expected, while Dan shares less. This kind of variation is pretty common and not unexpected.

Things start to get more extreme when I look at the comparisons between Leona and my three sisters & I.

One of my sisters shares more than twice as much DNA with Leona as my other sister.

 

Leona and my sisters and I are first cousins once removed, and are therefore expected to share only half the amount of DNA as first cousins (6.25%). However, Leona actually shares more DNA with one of my sisters than she does with her true first cousin. This is pretty odd – it just goes to show that recombination is often very hard to predict. 

The comparison between Leona and my sister and her two daughters further demonstrates this fact. My sister and Leona are first cousins once removed – this relationship has an expected theoretical percentage of 6.25%. My sister’s children and Leona are first cousins twice removed – this relationship has an expected theoretical percentage of 3.125%.

My sister has a slightly lower than expected percentage of shared DNA with Leona – 5.28% as compared to the expected 6.25%. A mother passes on 50% of her DNA to her children, so it would be fair to assume that the children should share about 2.64% with Leona. This is not what we see, however. By random chance, one of her daughters happened to inherit much more than 50% of the shared DNA, while the other daughter happened to inherit much less.

 

Even though her mother shares less than expected with Leona, daughter number one inherited a large percentage of Leona's shared DNA from her mother (about 60% rather than 50%). As a result, her percentage with Leona is almost identical to the theoretical percentage for first cousins twice removed – 3.10% compared to the expected 3.125%.

In contrast, daughter number two inherited hardly any of her mother’s shared DNA with Leona. (about 20% rather than 50%). As a result she shares only about one third of the expected percentage – 1.16% compared to the expected 3.125%. 23andMe predicts that they are third to fourth cousins because they share such a small percentage of DNA.

I have really enjoyed looking at our comparisons -- I think it is very interesting the way it can vary so much! Please comment if you have any questions or need any clarification.

New v3 Results from 23andMe

I recently got my v3 (version 3) results from 23andMe. It is the latest technology -- there are now 1 million SNPs tested versus about 500,000 on the older version. There are a couple of new health results (namely Alzheimer's & the APOE gene) available on the new chip, and my comparisons with my relatives did change slightly, but overall things stayed about the same.

Here's how my v3 results compare with my v2 results.

I show up as an identical twin to myself, tee-hee. This speaks to the accuracy of the test provided by 23andMe -- when the test is repeated, you get the exact same results.


Here is an example of how a health result changed. Here is what my result for "Coronary Heart Disease" looks like on my v2 profile (the old results):
My v3 results show slightly different results:
They have changed because more SNPs are available.
The v2 results are on the left and the v3 results are on the right. It might be hard to see, but the little black circles on the v2 results say "NG" for "not genotyped." This means that not all of the SNPs used in the coronary heart disease report are available on the v2 platform (which makes sense because the v2 chip has fewer SNPs than the v3 chip). But all of the SNPs are available on the v3 chip, and so this refined information is why my results are a little different.

Let's move to the ancestry section now.

For most of my close relatives, my comparison has changed slightly.

Here is my DNA comparison with my sister (who was genotyped on v2) -- here is how she matches with both my "v2 self" and my "v3 self." The biggest change was that what appeared to be two segments on chromosome 10 has changed to one segment on my v3 profile. A couple of other segments have also changed, and overall, my percentage of DNA shared with my sister dropped by about one half of one percent. All segments that have changed are circled in red.
Here are my DNA comparisons with my two half-sisters (both genotyped on v2). In both cases, there have been some small changes. For both of my half-sisters, what appeared to be two segments (with a small break in between) on chromosome 13 has changed into one segment. The percentage of DNA that I share with my half-sisters decreased very slightly.
Here are my DNA results with my half-sister's two daughters (my half-nieces). They were genotyped on v3. In this case, the results barely changed at all. Two segments are ever-so-slightly different (by only a few SNPs), but overall the percentages of DNA that I share with them remain virtually unchanged.
Here are my DNA results with my paternal aunt and my paternal cousin. They are both on v2. I could find no discernible difference in the DNA shared with my paternal aunt, although the percentage of DNA shared did slightly change. The percentage of DNA shared with my cousin also changed very slightly, and one segment is a little bit different.
Here are my DNA results with my maternal uncle and my maternal aunt. My maternal uncle was genotyped on v3 while my aunt is on v2. My results with my maternal uncle did not change at all, while my results with my maternal aunt changed slightly on one segment.
Here are my DNA results for my maternal great-uncle and my maternal great-aunt. They are both on v2. I could find no discernible differences in the segments, although the percentage of DNA I share with my great-uncle did change slightly.
Overall, I saw very few changes.
The most dramatic change was with my sister -- I suspect perhaps this is because I share both fully-identical and half-identical segments with her (I am related to all of my other relatives on only one side of my family, so I share only half-identical segments with them). Not sure, though -- it could just be a coincidence.

My more distant relatives from Relative Finder stayed the same for the most part, but there were some slight changes. I gained two relatives that weren't there on the v2 chip (as far as I can tell, I did not lose any). Of my existing 203 relatives that I am sharing with, the percentages stayed the same with only a few exceptions. A few segments changed only very slightly, like this:
10 of my relatives either gained or lost .01%, and one lost .02%. So no dramatic differences here -- for 192 of my relatives the percentages stayed exactly the same.
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I think that about summarizes my v2 profile versus my v3 profile. Overall, there are not a whole lot of differences except for the new Alzheimer's report and the APOE info. New health results are coming in every month though, so perhaps in the future there will be more new features on the v3 chip that are not seen on the v2 chip.

Seattle Times Historical Archive

As a student at the University of Washington, I get free access to the Seattle Times Historical Archive. I am taking this opportunity to do some more research on my poor, neglected Gemmills. It's kind of ironic that I spent the least amount of time researching the family that lived closest to me (From my apartment, I can see the cemetery where they were buried, and if I was feeling adventurous I could bike to the home where they lived). For whatever reason, though, I just don't get around to studying this line very often.

But today I have already come across some interesting things, even a picture of my great-grandmother Jessica McCarthy (a very grainy picture, but a picture nonetheless!)


I also found their wedding announcement:


I also found a pretty interesting article about their son (my grandfather) George Gemmill.


This article is pretty funny to me, because although I never met my grandfather, I have always heard about how he was a very austere person who loved rules. For example, he would punish his kids for cutting butter off the wrong end of the cube! I like this article because it shows that he actually DID "live on the wild side" at least once in his life.

So that's what I have been up to lately. And if anyone needs a lookup in the Seattle Times, let me know! :)

Check out my guest post at Geni.com!

Here it is! It's about all the benefits that genetic genealogy has to offer. I wrote about my experiences with 23andme.com!

My Close Relatives & 23andme

Well, since I last posted about 23andme a lot has changed. I have had several of my close relatives tested. Also, the customer database of 23andme has dramatically increased in size. When I first got my results, I had only 214 cousins on the website, but as of today I have 657! During the past year, I have found out several interesting things about my genetic ancestry and I have also been able to confirm eight generations of my Napier line.

I am planning to write about all of my experiences soon, but for today I thought I would do a post about my close relatives and just summarize who I asked to take the test and why I wanted them to get tested.

Here is my full sister and how much DNA I share with her as well as the number of segments that we have in common. Siblings are expected to share about 50% of their DNA --- my sister and I share slightly more than expected, just by random chance.

Getting your siblings tested at 23andme is very useful because they will have DNA (and relatives along that DNA) that you do not have. You can see that I share 53% of my DNA with my sister, but that leaves 47% that we do not share.

Overall, 269 genetic cousins on 23andme have accepted contact with me & my sister. We both share DNA with 77 of them. Then there are 100 relatives that I share DNA with, but she does not. There are also 92 relatives that she shares DNA with, but I do not. If I did not have her tested, I would have missed out on these 92 relatives.

So to summarize, if you don't have parents available to test (mine are deceased), siblings are invaluable because they have DNA from your parents that you don't have.

However, getting your sibling tested will tell you nothing about which side of your family a 23andme cousin comes from. After all, by definition, your sibling shares the same parents (and grandparents, etc etc) that you have.

To try to narrow down which side of your family a 23andme cousin comes from, you have to turn to relatives that you have from only one side of your family.

I have had my two half-sisters, my dad's double cousin, my paternal aunt, my maternal aunt, my maternal uncle, my maternal great-uncle, and my maternal great-aunt tested.

Here is my comparison with my two half-sisters.

The theoretical percentage shared between half-siblings is 25%. You can see that I share more than expected with one sister and less than expected with the other. Again, there's no real rhyme or reason for this, it's just random chance.

Getting my half-sisters tested allowed me to sort out which of my parents many of my relative finder cousins came from. The "con" of testing half-siblings, though, is that they will have many matches that you do not have because you have only one parent in common.

Here is my comparison with my aunts and my uncle.

The theoretical percentage shared between an aunt/uncle and a niece/nephew is also 25%, the same as half-siblings. You can see that I share almost that exact amount with my two aunts, but slightly more with my uncle.

The difference between your half-siblings and your aunts & uncles, in terms of DNA testing, is that you are related to all of the 23andme cousins that your aunts and uncles have. Even if you don't share a DNA connection with them, you are genealogically related because your aunts and uncles don't have any ancestors that you don't have. Your half-siblings do.

So to a greater degree than with my half-siblings, I can identify relatives and make a genealogical connection with someone, even if I personally do not share any DNA with that person.

I have also had my maternal great-uncle as well as my maternal great-aunt tested (my grandmother’s siblings).

The theoretical percentage here is 12.5%. You can see that I share a bit less than expected with each one.

Getting my great-aunt and great-uncle tested has been very useful because it allows me to identify many relatives that come from my maternal grandmother’s side of the family. And what I said before applies to this relationship too --- even if I don’t personally share DNA with all of the 23andme cousins that they have, they are still my relatives because my great-aunt & great-uncle do not have any ancestors that I do not have.

And last but not least, I have tested my dad’s double cousin.

I wrote in a previous post about what a double cousin is, as well as more info about the double cousins in my family. But I will summarize here --- double cousins share all four of their grandparents in common rather than just two. This occurs when two siblings from one family marry two siblings from another family.

My dad would be expected to share 25% with all of his double cousins. As his daughter, I have half of his DNA and therefore I would be expected to share half as much --- 12.5%. You can see that I share a little more than expected with this particular cousin.

Double cousins are pretty rare, especially nowadays, but they are very useful in terms of DNA testing because (as with aunts & uncles) all of their relatives are your relatives because they have no ancestors that you don’t have. He also helps me to identify which parent my 23andme cousins come from.

I hope this was a good summary of the family that I have on 23andme and what I have learned from all of them. If you have any questions about my family or about 23andme in general, please let me know :)

Double Cousins

In my family, three Badger brothers married three Woodward sisters. So, my grandparents married one another, and in addition, two of my grandfather's brothers married two of my grandmother's sisters. Hopefully that makes sense.

They used to kid that they were the only two families in town. And honestly, that's probably not much of an exaggeration!

So, the children from these unions were double cousins. They have different parents, but all four of their grandparents in common. My dad had three siblings, and eleven double cousins (although one of Lewis & Veva's children, Mabel, died in infancy).

In technical terms - first cousins generally share 12.5% consanguinity. Double cousins share twice that, or 25%, which makes them as related as half-siblings. Pretty interesting, I think. They were quite close, of course. No matter which side of the family they got together with, their mother's or their father's, their double cousins were always there. I just think that is so cool.

Sometimes I think I was born in the wrong generation. Well, then again, I do like modern technology. And wearing pants. But I sure would have loved to be around for this, the wedding of my great-aunt & great-uncle. Unfortunately I never even got to meet anyone involved in this story.

OUR WEDDING DAY
EASTER SUNDAY, APRIL 20, 1924
WRITTEN BY VEVA (WOODWARD) BADGER
The day was beautiful and we had the noon meal at my Aunt Lena and Uncle Ed's. Then hurried back to my folk's home to get ready to go see the Judge Spees (I'm not sure how he spelled it but sounded like Spees). He lived on a farm about two miles out of Dupree, S.D.

Lewis had gotten the license on Friday or Saturday at the courthouse and told the Judge we'd be there at 5:30 p.m. Babe, Otto and Mattie went along with us, in the folk's old Chevrolet touring car! We got West of the farm, just out of sight, when the car stopped suddenly! Babe said, "it's a halfmoon key in the rear-end". A friend, Zelma Davis, came by on her horse, she had been a school mate and friend of mine, we sat and visited. The men repaired the car and Zelma left on her horse. We went ahead about thirty feet and it broke again!

Babe said, "that's it, we must go back and try again tomorrow!" Lewis said, "no, when I start somewhere I go there!" So, he took off on foot to a farm near by. Mr. Griffith had just come in from the field, he was a man, who, if he didn't work any other Sunday, would work on Easter. Lewis told him of our "break down" and Mr. Griffith said, "take this team and spring wagon and good luck!" So, we went on, but Babe decided to walk home, to let the folks know what had happened.

By the time we got to Judge Spees' farm, he had given up on us, changed his clothes, and was at the barn milking. He came in, again put on his suit and performed the ceremony. Mattie and Otto were our attendants. It was 25 minutes of 10 p.m. --but we did it!! Then we drove back 12 Or 14 miles to my folk's. It was about midnight when we got there.

We stayed there and the next day Lewis returned the team and spring wagon and took along a saddle horse to come back on. Babe and Otto repaired the car again! The next morning we started to Ft. Pierre to catch a train to Huron S.D., where Lewis had work. Of course Babe drove us and when we stopped to go through a gate about eight miles from home, the car broke down again!! A neighbor came along, taking his cream to Lantry, to catch the train, to ship it to a creamer.

So, we hooked a ride, with our luggage, in the wagon with Mr. Sprague. Babe rode along to within a mile of home, then he walked. We got tickets, caught the train and went to Obridge, S.D. There we stayed at a hotel till 4:00 a.m. We had them wake us up, so we could catch a train to Aberdeen, S.D. Then we took another train to Huron, S.D. There were no country telephones then, so, Lewis hired a taxi to take us out to the farm where "Pop" Badger was manager. Lewis worked there till that fall I and I helped "Mom" Badger cook and wash for twenty men who worked there, on what was a Mennonite Colony farm before World War 1.

We left for Lantry in October. Then I taught school at Little Bend, at a school that had "run their teacher out". I was to fill in until they found another teacher, but I quit one month before Arminta was born. Lewis was working for the Sutten Cattle Co., cutting water holes in ice and looking after cattle. That was quite a year but we were so happy - we had a shack to ourselves and were looking forward to our first child.

*Babe - Jesse Woodward, Veva's brother.
*Otto and Mattie (Albers) - Veva's sister Mattie and her husband.
*Mom & Pop Badger - Omer & Bertha Badger, the father and stepmother of Lewis.
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Now is that a cute story, or what?

It's almost April 20th....Happy Anniversary, Lewis & Veva.

Tombstone Tuesday

Howard Nicholson
22 Aug 1912 -- 12 Feb 1915
(Not sure how he is related to me? -- click here)



Just recently, my cousin was cleaning out her basement and found a "Grandmother's Book of Memories" that my grandma had filled out for me. It was dated May 1991, before I was even a year old, so I guess maybe my mom gave it to her to fill out, or maybe my grandma intended on giving it to me as a present later on. Whatever the scenario...I am really glad that she wrote in it for me and that it was eventually found among her things!! (she died over ten years ago)

Here is an excerpt, related to the subject of my Tombstone Tuesday post:


In case it's hard to see:

"One of the saddest things I remember is my Aunt Lena and Uncle Ed were staying with us. They had a baby boy about a year old and he died. The thing I still remember is their putting the iron crib in the back of the spring wagon and fixing it all up and putting him in there to take him the fourteen miles to the place where he would be buried and get a casket for him. His sister my age and I sat and cried for so long until we could find out more about what was done with him. His name was Howard Nicholson."

My grandma would have just turned five in 1915, when he died.

So sad!

Nowadays, if you have a child, it is extremely likely that he or she will survive into adulthood, and well beyond...I think we kind of take that for granted. It was so different, even just 100 years ago.

As a public health major, I learn a lot about infectious diseases, and the leading causes of death in the early 1900s as compared to now, and things like that...but I still never get used to coming across so many dead children in my family tree.

Rest in peace, Howard...gone but not forgotten!

My Great-Great-Great Grandparents

If you find my site by googling any of these names...please send me a note or write a comment!
I would love to hear from you...and I don't bite!

My Great-Great-Great Grandparents
(Paternal Grandfather’s side)
Stephen Badger ---born 1803 in Rockingham Co., Virginia ---died 1875 in Jasper Co., Illinois
Surbrina Lemasters Lee ---born 1812 in Ohio ---died 1889 in Jasper Co., Illinois

Samuel Barrett ---born 1792 in Cabell Co., West Virginia ---died 1862 in Rush Co., Indiana
Clarissa McComas ---born 1802 in Cabell Co., West Virginia ---died 1892 in Henry Co., Indiana

Noah Myers ---born 1814 in Rowan Co., North Carolina ---died 1887 in Jasper Co., Illinois
Malinda Sink (or Zink) ---born 1819 in Indiana ---died 1880 in Jasper Co., Illinois

Hedgeman Riley ---born 1822 in Page Co., Virginia ---died 1894 in Jasper Co., Illinois
Louisa Caroline Kibler ---born 1825 in Page Co., Virginia ---died 1910 in Jasper Co., Illinois

(Paternal Grandmother’s side)
Jesse Elisha Woodward ---born 1794 in Franklin Co., Vermont ---died 1885 in Nebraska
Annie Ortentia Kneeland ---born 1793 in Virginia ---died 1869 in Iowa

Elisha Drew ---born 1807 in Glengary, Ontario, Canada ---died 1882 in Stephenson Co., Illinois
Rebecca Dart ---born abt 1808, Canada ---died

Elisha Nicholson ---born 1834 in Dubois Co., Indiana ---died 1916 in Furnas Co., Nebraska
Delilah Angeline Goosic ---born 1839 in Ringgold Co., Iowa ---died 1926 in Furnas Co., Nebraska

Gabriel Martin ---born 1821 in Pennsylvania ---died 1897 in Latah Co., Idaho
Katherine Best ---born 1823 in Ohio ---died 1897 in Latah Co., Idaho

(Maternal Grandfather’s side)
Robert Gemmill ---born in Scotland ---died
Carolyn Fullerton ---born in Scotland ---died

Patrick Nickey (could be Hickey) ---born in Ireland ---died
Mary O’Connell ---born in Ireland ---died

Michael McCarthy ---born in Canada ---died
Johanna Harrington ---born in Canada ---died

John Powers ---born in Canada ---died
Winifred Keenan ---born in Canada ---died

(Maternal Grandmother’s side)
Carl David Schmidt ---born 1829 in Germany ---died 1915 in Ramsey Co., Minnesota
Anna Dorothea Fenn ---born 1833 in Germany ---died 1909 in Menominee Co., Wisconsin

Albert Henry Graffenberger ---born 1827 in Germany ---died 1914 in Lewis Co., Washington
Wilhelmina Biedemann ---born 1830 in Germany ---died 1900 in Renville Co., Minnesota

Nathaniel James Lewis ---born 1843 in Perth, Scotland ---died 1934 in Tranmere, England
Jean Durban Simpson ---born 1848 in Perth, Scotland ---died 1924 in Tranmere, England

James Stewart ---born 1848 in Tranmere, England ---died 1903 in Liverpool, England
Selina Dagnall ---born 1849 in Liverpool, England ---died 1939 in King Co., Washington